GRAND MASTER LANGUAGE: PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

GRAND MASTER LANGUAGE: PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE:   A. Affirmative: Subject + is/am/are + ing with 1 st form of Verb + object. B. Negative: Subject + is/am/are + not + ...

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (NARRATION)

 

A. The following specific rules should be kept in mind in addition to general rules at the time of changing direct speech to indirect speech in imperative sentences:-

1.  According to sense, reporting verb is changed into an imperative verb i.e. advise, request, order, urge, forbid, prevent, command or pray.

2.  Comma (,) and inverted comma (“…”) are replaced with ‘to’ following reporting verb.

3.  Full stop (.) is placed at the end of the sentence.

a.  Direct     : He said to me, “Please lend me hundred rupees.”

     Indirect  : He requested me to lend him hundred rupees.

b.  Direct     : The master said to Sukhia, “Get out of the house.”

     Indirect  : The master ordered Sukhia to get out of the house.

c.  Direct     : My brother said to me, “Be regular in your studies.”

     Indirect  : My brother advised me to be regular in my studies.

d.  Direct     : The mother said to the daughter, “Do not wear gaudy clothes.”

     Indirect  : The mother forbade the daughter to wear gaudy clothes.

e.  Direct     : The old man said to the youth, “Beware of the mountain pass.”

    Indirect  : The old man cautioned the youth to beware of the mountain pass.

f.   Direct     : The Brigadier said to the soldiers, “Attack the enemy positions.”

     Indirect  : The Brigadier commanded the soldiers to attack the enemy positions.

g.  Direct     : The poor old man said, “Please give me something to eat.”

     Indirect  : The poor old man begged something to eat.

h.  Direct     : The farmer said to the landlord, “Kindly give me a loan.”

     Indirect  : The farmer requested the landlord to give him a loan.

i.   Direct     : The officer said to the peon, “Do not leave the room.”

     Indirect  : The officer ordered the peon not to leave the room.

j.   Direct     : He said to his master, “Forgive me, sir.”

     Indirect  : He respectfully asked his master to forgive him.

B. There is generally a suggestion in reported speech beginning with ‘Let’. The following specific rules should be kept in mind in addition to general rules at the time of changing direct speech to indirect speech in it:-

1.  ‘Let’ is removed and ‘should’ is used in reported speech.

2.  If ‘Let’ implies consent, ‘Let’ is removed and ‘to let’ or ‘might be allowed’ is used.

3.  Reporting verb is changed according to sense. If offer is not solicited, ‘said to’ is replaced with ‘proposed to’. But if offer is solicited, ‘said to’ is replaced with ‘suggested to’.

4.  Comma (,) and inverted comma (“…”) are replaced with ‘that’ following reporting verb.

5.  Full stop (.) is placed at the end of the sentence.

a.  Direct     : He said to me,  “Let us play together.”

     Indirect  : He proposed to me that we should play together.

b.  Direct     : Ram said to them, “Let us run a race.”

     Indirect  : Ram proposed to them that they should run a race.

c.  Direct     : He said, “Let us move out of our hiding place.”

     Indirect  : He proposed that we should move out of our hiding place.

d.  Direct     : He said to his mother, “Let us go out for shopping.”

     Indirect  : He suggested to his mother that they should go out for shopping.

e.  Direct     : Surinder said, ‘Let us live like friends.”

     Indirect  : Surinder suggested that they should live like friends.

f.   Direct     : I said to them, “Let her read the book.”

     Indirect  : I advised them to let her read the book.

g.  Direct     : The Headmaster said to the peon, “Let the boy come in.”

     Indirect  : The Headmaster ordered the peon to let the boy come in.

h.  Direct     : Mohan said to her, “Let me finish my work.”

     Indirect  : Mohan requested her that he might be allowed to finish his work.

i.   Direct     : He said to me, “Let me do my work, please.”

     Indirect  : He requested me that he might be allowed to do his work.

j.   Direct     : She said, “Let me leave now.”

     Indirect  : She pleaded that she might be allowed to leave then.

 

GRAND MASTER LANGUAGE: PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

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GRAND MASTER LANGUAGE: USE OF SENTENCE LINKERS/CONNECTORS

GRAND MASTER LANGUAGE: USE OF SENTENCE LINKERS/CONNECTORS:   So: I have finished my tea, so has he. Yet: Murder has no tongue, yet it will speak. However: At first he refused to go. Later, ...

GRAND MASTER LANGUAGE: USE OF CONJUNCTIONS

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INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES (NARRATION)

 

The following specific rules should be kept in mind in addition to general rules at the time of changing direct speech to Indirect speech in Interrogative Sentences:-

1.  A change in Reporting verb is made as follows:-

Say/tell	ÛÜ	Ask/ inquire of/demand of
Says/tells	ÛÜ	Asks/ inquires of/demands of
Will/shall say/tell	ÛÜ	Will/shall Ask/ inquire of/demand of
Said /told	ÛÜ	Asked/ inquired of/demanded of

2.  If Indirect speech asks such a question as answered in ‘yes’ or ‘no’, i.e. reported speech begins with a helping verb, comma (,) and inverted comma (“…”) are replaced with ‘if’ or ‘whether’ following reporting verb.

3.  If reported speech begins with a question word like what, when, where, why, which, who, whose, whom, how, etc.  Comma (,) and Inverted comma (“…”) are replaced with the same word following reporting verb.

4.  Full stop is replaced with question mark (?) at the end of the sentence.

a.  Direct     :  “Is tea ready?” said I to my servant.

Indirect  :        I asked my servant if tea was ready.

b.  Direct     :        He said to me, “Do you play football?”

Indirect  : He asked me whether I played football.

c.  Direct     : Portia said to Shylock, “Can you show mercy to Antonio?”

Indirect  : Portia Asked Shylock if he could show mercy to Antonio.

d.  Direct     : He said to me, “Do you know the way?”

Indirect  : He inquired of me if I knew the way.

e.  Direct     : He said to us, “Are you going away today?”

Indirect  : He inquired of us whether we were going away that day.

f.   Direct     : Sunil said, “May I take your book, Prem?”

Indirect  : Sunil asked Prem if he might take his book.

g.  Direct     : He said to me, “Why did you insult my brother?”

Indirect  : He demanded of me why I had insulted his brother.

h.  Direct     : She said to him, “What will you do without me?”

Indirect  : She asked him what he would do without her.

i.  Direct     : Amubi said to me, “When will you return?”

Indirect  : Amubi asked me when I would return.

j.  Direct     : I said to my sister, “Where did you keep my pen last night?”

     Indirect  : I asked my sister where she had kept my pen the previous night.

 

 

 

 

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GRAND MASTER LANGUAGE: COMPOUND SENTENCES

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ASSERTIVE SENTENCES (NARRATION)

 

 

     The following specific rules should be kept in mind in addition to general rules at the time of changing direct speech to indirect speech in assertive sentences:-

1.  If ‘to’ does not follow ‘say’, ‘says’, ‘will/shall say’, ‘said’ in reporting speech, they remain unchanged in Indirect speech.

2.  If ‘to’ follows ‘say’, ‘says’, ‘will/shall say’, ‘said’ in reporting speech, the change is made as follows:-

Say to	ÛÜ	tell
Says to	ÛÜ	tells
Will/shall say to	ÛÜ	Will/shall tell
Said to	ÛÜ	told

3.  Sometimes the verb of reported speech is used in place of reporting verb.

4.  Comma (,) and inverted comma (“…”) are replaced with ‘that’ following reporting verb.

5.  If there are double sentences in reported speech, they are joined by ‘and add that’/ ‘and adds that’/ ‘and added that’. If there are triple sentences in reported speech, third sentence is joined by ‘and further add that’/ ‘and further adds that’/ ‘and further added that’.

6.  Full stop (.)  is placed at the end of the sentence.

a.  Direct     : The servant says, “The tea is ready.”

     Indirect  : The servant says that the tea is ready.

b.  Direct     : Mohan will say, “Rita sings well.”

     Indirect  : Mohan will say Rita sings well.

c.  Direct     : He said, “The boys play hockey.”

     Indirect  : He said that the boys played hockey.

d.  Direct     : He says to me, “The child is crying.”

     Indirect  : He tells me that the child is crying.

e.  Direct     : He said to me, “You are wasting my time.”

     Indirect  : He told me that I was wasting his time.

f.   Direct     : The teacher said, “God is one. God is great.”

     Indirect  : The teacher said that God is one and added that God is great.

g.  Direct     : The captain said, “My team shall play the match tomorrow.”

     Indirect  : The captain said that his team would play the match the next day.

h.  Direct     : I said to my friend, “I sleep early and rise early.”

     Indirect  : I told my friend that I sleep early and rise early.

i.   Direct     : He said to me, “I approve of your proposal.”

     Indirect  : He approved of my proposal.

j.   Direct     : Cassius said, “Frazier, I challenge you to a fight.”

     Indirect  : Cassius challenged Frazier to a fight.

Exceptions:

1.  Past indefinite and past continuous used in time clause are generally not changed; as:-

a.  Direct     : He said, “When we were living in the village, we killed many snakes.”

     Indirect    : He said that when they were living in the village, they killed many snakes.

2.  Such a condition expressed in past tense as continues till spoken of, reported speech is not changed; as:-

a.  Direct     : Yudhveer said, “I dropped the idea of buying the piece of land because it was near river.”

     Indirect  : Yudhveer said that he dropped the idea of buying the piece of land because it was near river.”

3.  ‘Would’, ‘should’, ‘ought to’, ‘might’, ‘could’, ‘must’, ‘used to’ and ‘had better’ are not changed; as:-

a.  Direct     : Reeta said, “I would go there if I could.”

     Indirect  : Reeta said that she would go there if she could.

4.  If two actions are being executed simultaneously in Reported speech, the tense of reported speech is not changed; as:-

a.  Direct     : He said, “Ravi was laughing while Deepak was weeping.”

     Indirect  : He said that Ravi was laughing while Deepak was weeping.

5.  Conditional sentences are not changed; as:-

a.  Direct     : She said, “If my husband were earning, I would give up teaching.”

     Indirect  : She said that if her husband were earning she would give up teaching.

 

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GRAND MASTER LANGUAGE: SYNONYMS

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GRAND MASTER LANGUAGE: ANTONYMS OF ADVERBS

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GRAND MASTER LANGUAGE: ANTONYMS OF VERBS

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GRAND MASTER LANGUAGE: ANTONYMS OF ADJECTIVES

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NARRATION

 

Narration is an account of spoken words.

The words of the speaker can be expressed in two ways:-

1.  Direct speech:- When actual words of the speaker are quoted, it is called direct speech or direct narration e.g.

He said, “I am very tired.”

In the sentence, whatever dialogue is outside “ ”, is known as reporting speech and whatever is in “ ”, is called reported speech. The verb of reporting speech is called reporting verb. In this sentence ‘He said’ is reporting speech, “I am very tired” reported speech and ‘said’ reporting verb.

2. Indirect speech:- When the substance of what the speaker said is given, without quoting his actual words, it is called indirect speech or indirect narration e.g.

He said that he was very tired.

GENERAL RULE OF THE CHANGE OF DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH

i.   Common rules relating to the change of narration:-

ii.  Inverted comma (“...”) is removed from reported speech.

iii. Following reporting verb or before Indirect statement, comma (,) is replaced with ‘that’, ‘if’ or ‘to’.

iv. Person of personal pronouns of reported speech is changed as follows:-   

(a) Pronouns of first person of reported speech are changed in accordance with person of subject of reporting verb.

I	My	Me	First Person
We	Our	Us

(b) Pronouns of second person of reported speech are changed in accordance with person of object of reporting verb.

You Thou

Your Thy

You Thee

Second Person

(c) No change is made in pronouns of third person of reported speech.

He	His	Him	Third person
She	Her	Her
It	Its	It
They	Their	Them

v.  When reporting verb is in the past tense, the change in the tense of reported speech is made in accordance with the tense of reporting verb as follows:-

Present indefinite	ÛÜ	Past indefinite
Present continuous	ÛÜ	Past continuous
Present perfect	ÛÜ	Past perfect
Present perfect continuous	ÛÜ	Past perfect continuous
Past indefinite	ÛÜ	Past perfect
Past continuous	ÛÜ	Past perfect continuous
Past perfect	ÛÜ	No change
Past perfect continuous	ÛÜ	No change
Is/am/are	ÛÜ	Was/were
Has/have	ÛÜ	Had
Will/shall	ÛÜ	Would/should
Can	ÛÜ	Could
May	ÛÜ	Might

Exceptions:

1. No change is made in the tense of reported speech, when it refers to a universal truth, customary or habitual fact, a probable event or a past historical incident; whether reporting verb is in past tense.

2.  When reporting verb is in present tense or future tense, no change is made in the tense of reported speech.

vi. Some words denoting proximity are replaced with the words denoting distance.

This	ÛÜ	That
These	ÛÜ	Those
Here	ÛÜ	There
Hence	ÛÜ	Thence
Hereby	ÛÜ	Thereby
Now	ÛÜ	Then
Today	ÛÜ	That day
Tomorrow	ÛÜ	The next day
The next day	ÛÜ	The following day
Yesterday	ÛÜ	The previous day
Yesterday	ÛÜ	The day before
Ago	ÛÜ	before
Thus	ÛÜ	So
Hither	ÛÜ	Thither
Last night	ÛÜ	The previous night
Last night	ÛÜ	The night before
Just	ÛÜ	Then
Come	ÛÜ	Go